{"id":91,"date":"2023-10-10T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.theopenpc.com\/?p=91"},"modified":"2026-08-10T20:16:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T20:16:40","slug":"baremetal_x86_kernel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.theopenpc.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/10\/baremetal_x86_kernel\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7ed9\u5403\u7070\u7684\u8001x86 PC\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u88f8\u673a\u5185\u6838"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bb6\u91cc\u89d2\u843d\u91cc\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u53f0\u5403\u7070\u7684\u8001\u7535\u8111\uff1f\u88c5Windows\u8dd1\u4e0d\u52a8\uff0c\u88c5Linux\u90fd\u5acc\u5b83\u914d\u7f6e\u5bd2\u9178\u3002\u5c0f\u7f16\u6700\u8fd1\u7ed9\u5b83\u627e\u4e86\u4efd\u65b0\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u4e0d\u88c5\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8dd1\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\u201c\u5185\u6838\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u6309\u4e0b\u7535\u6e90\u952e\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u8bb2\u8d77\uff1aBIOS\u600e\u4e48\u628a\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u4ece16\u4f4d\u5b9e\u6a21\u5f0f\u5207\u6362\u523032\u4f4d\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u6700\u540e\u7528C\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u6253\u5370\u7684\u8ff7\u4f60\u5185\u6838\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u4ee3\u7801\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u5230\u4e24\u767e\u884c\uff0c\u5148\u5728QEMU\u91cc\u8dd1\u901a\uff0c\u518d\u7528U\u76d8\u62ff\u771f\u673a\u5f00\u5200\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u5185\u6838\u201d\u662f\u5e26\u5f15\u53f7\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8c03\u5ea6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u6253\u62db\u547c\u3002\u4f46\u9ebb\u96c0\u867d\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u7535\u5230\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684C\u4ee3\u7801\u63a5\u7ba1\u6574\u53f0\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u94fe\u8def\u5b83\u53ef\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u8d70\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ece\u6309\u4e0b\u7535\u6e90\u952e\u8bf4\u8d77<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8001PC\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4f20\u7edfBIOS\u542f\u52a8\uff08Legacy Boot\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5957\u6d41\u7a0b\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6ca1\u53d8\u8fc7\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e0a\u7535\u540eCPU\u4eceBIOS\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u884c\uff0cBIOS\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u68c0\uff08POST\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BIOS\u6309\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f\u627e\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff08512\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u539f\u5c01\u4e0d\u52a8\u642c\u5230\u5185\u5b580x7C00\u5904\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5\u8fd9512\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u9b54\u65700xAA55\uff0c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\u5c31\u8df3\u8fc7\u53bb\u6267\u884c\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\u8d77\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5c31\u5f52\u4f60\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u5199\u5185\u6838\u201d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5199\u597d\u8fd9512\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5957\u6d41\u7a0b\u7b80\u5355\u76f4\u63a5\uff0c\u8001\u7535\u8111\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u88f8\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53f0\uff1a\u81ea\u5e26BIOS\u4e2d\u65ad\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\uff0c\u81ea\u5e26VGA\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u5370\uff0c\u8fde\u663e\u5361\u9a71\u52a8\u90fd\u7701\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3UEFI\u673a\u5668\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u73a9\u6cd5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u51c6\u5907\u5de5\u5177<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e00\u53f0\u80fdLegacy\/BIOS\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u8001x86 PC\uff08\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a2012\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u7684U\u76d8\uff08\u4f1a\u88ab\u6574\u4e2a\u62b9\u6389\uff0c\u522b\u7528\u88c5\u7740\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\uff01\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e00\u53f0Linux\u5f00\u53d1\u673a\uff0c\u88c5\u597d\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"shell\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo apt install nasm gcc-multilib qemu-system-x86<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QEMU\u7528\u6765\u5728\u52a8\u771f\u673a\u4e4b\u524d\u628a\u4ee3\u7801\u8c03\u901a\u2014\u2014\u6bd5\u7adf\u88f8\u673a\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u8c03\u8bd5\u5668\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9ed1\u5c4f\u548c\u4e0d\u9ed1\u5c4f\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c0f\u7f16\u90fd\u5728QEMU 6.2\u4e0a\u5b9e\u9645\u8dd1\u8fc7\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u622a\u56fe\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u8fd0\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6b65\u9aa4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\u5148\u5199\u4e2a\u4f1a\u6253\u62db\u547c\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5148\u6765\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e00\u4e0b\u201c\u673a\u5668\u5f52\u4f60\u4e86\u201d\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u65b0\u5efahello.asm\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"asm\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">[org 0x7c00]                    ; BIOS\u4f1a\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u5740\n[bits 16]                       ; \u4e0a\u7535\u65f6CPU\u5904\u4e8e16\u4f4d\u5b9e\u6a21\u5f0f\n\n    xor ax, ax                  ; BIOS\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1DS\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u6e05\u96f6\n    mov ds, ax\n\n    mov si, msg\n    mov ah, 0x0e                ; INT 10h\u529f\u80fd0Eh\uff1aTTY\u65b9\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\n.loop:\n    lodsb                       ; \u4ece[DS:SI]\u8bfb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5230AL\uff0cSI\u81ea\u589e\n    or al, al\n    jz .halt                    ; \u9047\u52300\u7ed3\u675f\n    int 0x10\n    jmp .loop\n.halt:\n    jmp $                       ; \u539f\u5730\u6253\u8f6c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af\u5185\u6838\u201d\n\nmsg db \"Hello, bare metal world!\", 0\n\ntimes 510-($-$$) db 0           ; \u586b\u5145\u5230510\u5b57\u8282\ndw 0xaa55                       ; \u6700\u540e2\u5b57\u8282\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u9b54\u6570<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7f16\u8bd1\u6210\u7eaf\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6254\u7ed9QEMU\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"shell\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">nasm -f bin hello.asm -o hello.bin\nqemu-system-i386 -drive format=raw,file=hello.bin<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QEMU\u7a97\u53e3\u91cc\uff0cSeaBIOS\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u4fe1\u606f\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8ddf\u7740\u4e00\u884c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u95ee\u5019\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">Booting from Hard Disk...\nHello, bare metal world!<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e8c\u5341\u6765\u884c\u6c47\u7f16\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6ca1\u6709libc\uff0c\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u5c31\u6709\u5b57\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u6253\u5370\u7684\u810f\u6d3b\u662fBIOS\u7684INT 10h\u4e2d\u65ad\u5e2e\u6211\u4eec\u5e72\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u8bfb\u76d8\u3001\u8fdb\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6253\u62db\u547c\u53ea\u662f\u5f00\u80c3\u83dc\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd8\u8981\u5e72\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u628a\u5185\u6838\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u8bfb\u8fdb\u5185\u5b58\uff08BIOS\u53ea\u5e2e\u4f60\u642c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a512\u5b57\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u628aCPU\u4ece16\u4f4d\u5b9e\u6a21\u5f0f\u5207\u523032\u4f4d\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u4e0d\u7136C\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u751f\u6210\u768432\u4f4d\u4ee3\u7801\u6ca1\u6cd5\u8dd1\uff09\u3002\u5b8c\u6574\u7684boot.asm\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"asm\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">[org 0x7c00]\n[bits 16]\n\nKERNEL_ADDR equ 0x8000          ; \u5185\u6838\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740\n\n    ; BIOS\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6bb5\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c\uff0c\u5148\u81ea\u5df1\u6e05\u96f6\n    xor ax, ax\n    mov ds, ax\n    mov es, ax\n    mov ss, ax\n    mov sp, 0x7c00              ; \u6808\u4ece0x7C00\u5f80\u4e0b\u957f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8e29\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\n\n    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl        ; BIOS\u628a\u542f\u52a8\u76d8\u53f7\u653e\u5728DL\u91cc\uff0c\u5148\u5b58\u8d77\u6765\n\n    mov si, msg_real\n    call print_string\n\n    ; \u7528BIOS\u4e2d\u65ad\u628a\u5185\u6838\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u8bfb\u5230\u5185\u5b58\n    mov ah, 0x02                ; INT 13h\u529f\u80fd2\uff1a\u8bfb\u6247\u533a\uff08CHS\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\n    mov al, 16                  ; \u8bfb16\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff088KB\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5c0f\u5185\u6838\u7ef0\u7ef0\u6709\u4f59\uff09\n    mov ch, 0                   ; \u67f1\u97620\n    mov dh, 0                   ; \u78c1\u59340\n    mov cl, 2                   ; \u4ece\u7b2c2\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\uff08\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u81ea\u5df1\uff09\n    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]\n    mov bx, KERNEL_ADDR         ; \u8bfb\u5230 es:bx = 0x0000:0x8000\n    int 0x13\n    jc disk_error               ; CF=1\u8868\u793a\u8bfb\u76d8\u5931\u8d25\n\n    mov si, msg_load\n    call print_string\n\n    ; \u8fdb\u5165\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5173\u4e2d\u65ad -&gt; \u52a0\u8f7dGDT -&gt; \u7f6e\u4f4dCR0.PE -&gt; \u8fdc\u8df3\u5237\u65b0\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\n    cli\n    lgdt [gdt_descriptor]\n    mov eax, cr0\n    or eax, 1\n    mov cr0, eax\n    jmp CODE_SEG:protected_mode_start\n\ndisk_error:\n    mov si, msg_disk_err\n    call print_string\n    jmp $\n\n; \u5b9e\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u7684\u6253\u5370\u51fd\u6570\uff1aSI = 0\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\nprint_string:\n    xor bx, bx\n.loop:\n    lodsb\n    or al, al\n    jz .done\n    mov ah, 0x0e\n    int 0x10\n    jmp .loop\n.done:\n    ret\n\n[bits 32]\nprotected_mode_start:\n    mov ax, DATA_SEG            ; \u91cd\u65b0\u88c5\u8f7d\u5404\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\n    mov ds, ax\n    mov es, ax\n    mov fs, ax\n    mov gs, ax\n    mov ss, ax\n    mov esp, 0x90000            ; \u7ed9\u5185\u6838\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u6837\u7684\u6808\n\n    call KERNEL_ADDR            ; \u8df3\u8fdb\u5185\u6838\uff01\n    jmp $\n\n; ---- GDT\uff1a\u5e73\u5766\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u90fd\u662f0\u52304GB ----\ngdt_start:\n    dq 0                        ; \u7b2c0\u9879\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u7a7a\ngdt_code:\n    dw 0xffff, 0x0000           ; limit 0-15, base 0-15\n    db 0x00, 10011010b, 11001111b, 0x00\ngdt_data:\n    dw 0xffff, 0x0000\n    db 0x00, 10010010b, 11001111b, 0x00\ngdt_end:\n\ngdt_descriptor:\n    dw gdt_end - gdt_start - 1\n    dd gdt_start\n\nCODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start   ; = 0x08\nDATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start   ; = 0x10\n\nBOOT_DRIVE   db 0\nmsg_real     db \"[boot] Hello from real mode!\", 13, 10, 0\nmsg_load     db \"[boot] Kernel loaded, entering protected mode...\", 13, 10, 0\nmsg_disk_err db \"[boot] Disk read error :(\", 13, 10, 0\n\ntimes 510-($-$$) db 0           ; \u586b\u5145\u5230510\u5b57\u8282\ndw 0xaa55                       ; \u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u9b54\u6570\uff0c\u5c11\u4e86\u5b83BIOS\u4e0d\u8ba4<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51e0\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BIOS\u628a\u542f\u52a8\u76d8\u53f7\u653e\u5728DL\u91cc\u4f20\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8bfb\u76d8\u65f6\u8981\u539f\u6837\u4f20\u56de\u7ed9INT 13h\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>INT 13h\u529f\u80fd2\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684CHS\u5bfb\u5740\uff0c\u8bfb\u78c1\u76d8\u5f00\u5934\u51e0\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u4e2a\u522bBIOS\u5bf9U\u76d8\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u53c2\u6570\u5904\u7406\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u8bfb\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u8bfb\uff08\u529f\u80fd42h\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7559\u7ed9\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fdb\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u4ef6\u5957\u201d\uff1acli\u5173\u4e2d\u65ad\u3001lgdt\u88c5\u8f7dGDT\u3001\u7f6e\u4f4dCR0\u7684PE\u4f4d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u8df3\u8f6c\u5237\u65b0\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u5e76\u88c5\u8f7d\u65b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GDT\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6700\u7701\u5fc3\u7684\u5e73\u5766\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u90fd\u662f0\u52304GB\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5207\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0cBIOS\u4e2d\u65ad\u5c31\u518d\u4e5f\u7528\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u60f3\u6253\u5370\uff1f\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u663e\u5b58\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u5185\u6838\u201d\u2014\u2014C\u8bed\u8a00\u767b\u573a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u7406\u6e05\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u6613\u8ff7\u7cca\u7684\u70b9\uff1aC\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u3001\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u673a\u4e0a\u3001\u5236\u4f5c\u955c\u50cf\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002GCC\u628akernel.c<strong>\u63d0\u524d<\/strong>\u7f16\u8bd1\u621032\u4f4dx86\u673a\u5668\u7801\uff0c\u94fe\u63a5\u6210\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u683c\u5f0f\u5934\u7684\u7eaf\u673a\u5668\u7801\u6587\u4ef6kernel.bin\uff0c\u518d\u62fc\u8fdb\u78c1\u76d8\u955c\u50cf\u3002\u8001\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u8fd0\u884cC\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u7b2c2\u6247\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u90a3\u4e32\u5b57\u8282\u642c\u52300x8000\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u4e2acall\u8df3\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u5bf9CPU\u6765\u8bf4\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e32\u666e\u901a\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u662fC\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u624b\u5199\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6574\u6761\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u753b\u51fa\u6765\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\uff08\u5f00\u53d1\u673a\u4e0a\uff09\uff1a\n  boot.asm          --nasm--&gt;  boot.bin\n  kernel_entry.asm  --nasm--&gt;  kernel_entry.o  \u2500\u2510\n  kernel.c          --gcc---&gt;  kernel.o        \u2500\u2534--ld--&gt;  kernel.bin\n  boot.bin + kernel.bin        --cat--&gt;  os.img\n\n\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff08\u8001PC\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\uff09\uff1a\n  BIOS --&gt; boot.bin\uff08\u57280x7C00\uff09--INT 13h\u8bfb\u76d8--&gt; kernel.bin\uff08\u57280x8000\uff09\n       --call 0x8000--&gt; kernel_main()<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5185\u6838\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5c31\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c47\u7f16\u5165\u53e3\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2aC\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c47\u7f16\u5165\u53e3\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3aC\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5e76\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1kernel_main\u4f1a\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u201c\u76f2\u8df3\u201d\u52300x8000\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u94fe\u63a5\u987a\u5e8f\u4fdd\u8bc1kernel_entry.asm\u6392\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u8ba90x8000\u5904\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u6b63\u597d\u662fcall kernel_main\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\uff0cC\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e4b\u540e\u603b\u5f97\u6709\u4eba\u63a5\u76d8\uff0c\u5165\u53e3\u91cc\u7684hlt\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5e72\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"asm\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">[bits 32]\nextern kernel_main\nglobal _start\n\nsection .text\n_start:\n    call kernel_main\n.hang:\n    hlt                         ; kernel_main\u8fd4\u56de\u540e\u5c31\u5730\u4f11\u7720\n    jmp .hang<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u522b\u6c47\u7f16\u4e86\u3002\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u6ca1\u6709BIOS\u5e2e\u5fd9\uff0c\u6253\u5370\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u5f80VGA\u6587\u672c\u663e\u5b580xB8000\u5199\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u53602\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u4f4e\u5b57\u8282\u662fASCII\u7801\uff0c\u9ad8\u5b57\u8282\u662f\u989c\u8272\uff080x0F\u5c31\u662f\u9ed1\u5e95\u767d\u5b57\uff09\u3002kernel.c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"c\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">#define VGA_MEM  ((volatile unsigned short *)0xb8000)\n#define VGA_COLS 80\n#define VGA_ROWS 25\n#define COLOR    0x0f           \/* \u9ed1\u5e95\u767d\u5b57 *\/\n\nstatic void clear_screen(void)\n{\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; VGA_COLS * VGA_ROWS; i++)\n        VGA_MEM[i] = (COLOR &lt;&lt; 8) | ' ';\n}\n\nstatic void print_at(const char *s, int row, int col)\n{\n    volatile unsigned short *p = VGA_MEM + row * VGA_COLS + col;\n    while (*s)\n        *p++ = (COLOR &lt;&lt; 8) | *s++;\n}\n\nvoid kernel_main(void)\n{\n    clear_screen();\n    print_at(\"Hello from my kernel!\", 10, 29);\n    print_at(\"(32-bit protected mode, no OS, all mine)\", 12, 20);\n}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7f16\u8bd1\u53c2\u6570\u6709\u8bb2\u7a76\uff1a-ffreestanding\u544a\u8bc9GCC\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u73af\u5883\uff0c-fno-pie\u548c-fno-stack-protector\u5173\u6389\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c-m32\u751f\u621032\u4f4d\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\u56db\u6b65\uff1a\u94fe\u63a5\u3001\u62fc\u76d8\u3001\u5f00\u673a\uff01<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"shell\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">nasm -f bin boot.asm -o boot.bin\nnasm -f elf32 kernel_entry.asm -o kernel_entry.o\ngcc -m32 -ffreestanding -fno-pie -fno-stack-protector -O2 -c kernel.c -o kernel.o\nld -m elf_i386 -Ttext 0x8000 --oformat binary -o kernel.bin kernel_entry.o kernel.o\ncat boot.bin kernel.bin &gt; os.img\ntruncate -s 8704 os.img\nqemu-system-i386 -drive format=raw,file=os.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u4e0b\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u6b65\uff1ald\u7684-Ttext 0x8000\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4f4d\u4e8e0x8000\uff08\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bfb\u5165\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e00\u81f4\uff09\uff0c&#8211;oformat binary\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u683c\u5f0f\u5934\u7684\u7eaf\u673a\u5668\u7801\uff1bcat\u628a\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u548c\u5185\u6838\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u62fc\u6210\u78c1\u76d8\u955c\u50cf\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u5360\u7b2c1\u6247\u533a\uff0c\u5185\u6838\u4ece\u7b2c2\u6247\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u548cboot.asm\u91cc\u8bfb\u76d8\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5bf9\u4e0a\uff1btruncate\u628a\u955c\u50cf\u8865\u9f50\u523017\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff088704\u5b57\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u514d\u5f97BIOS\u8bfb\u5230\u955c\u50cf\u5916\u9762\u53bb\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c0f\u7f16\u8fd9\u5957\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u6765\uff0cboot.bin\u6b63\u597d512\u5b57\u8282\uff0ckernel.bin\u662f4216\u5b57\u8282\u3002QEMU\u91cc\u8dd1\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6837\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.theopenpc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/baremetal-kernel-qemu.png?resize=720%2C400&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u6838\u5728QEMU\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\" class=\"wp-image-90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.theopenpc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/baremetal-kernel-qemu.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.theopenpc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/baremetal-kernel-qemu.png?resize=300%2C167&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption>\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u5185\u6838\u201d\u5728QEMU\u91cc\u70b9\u4eae<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b65\uff1a\u62ff\u771f\u673a\u5f00\u5200<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QEMU\u91cc\u8dd1\u901a\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f3a\u5019\u771f\u673a\u4e86\u3002\u628a\u955c\u50cf\u7528dd\u5199\u8fdbU\u76d8\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff01\/dev\/sdX\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6362\u6210\u4f60U\u76d8\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\uff08\u7528lsblk\u786e\u8ba4\uff09\uff0c\u5199\u9519\u76d8\u795e\u4ed9\u4e5f\u6551\u4e0d\u56de\u6765\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"shell\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"false\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo dd if=os.img of=\/dev\/sdX bs=512 conv=fsync<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u540e\u63d2\u5230\u8001\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f00\u673a\u6309F2\/F12\/Del\u8fdbBIOS\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u9009Legacy\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f\u91cc\u9009USB-HDD\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u91cd\u542f\u3002\u987a\u5229\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u4e24\u884c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u95ee\u5019\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4\u8fd8\u662f\u633a\u611f\u52a8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u771f\u673a\u4e0a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5751\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6709\u4e9bBIOS\u5bf9U\u76d8\u542f\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f88\u6311\u5254\uff0cUSB-HDD\u4e0d\u884c\u5c31\u6362USB-FDD\u3001USB-ZIP\u6328\u4e2a\u8bd5\u8bd5\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e2a\u522bBIOS\u8981\u6c42U\u76d8\u4e0a\u6709\u5206\u533a\u8868\u624d\u80af\u8ba4\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u955c\u50cf\u8865\u4e00\u4e2aMBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u518d\u5199\u5165\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5361\u5728\u201cDisk read error\u201d\uff0c\u591a\u534a\u662fBIOS\u7ed9U\u76d8\u6a21\u62df\u7684CHS\u51e0\u4f55\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u76d8\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff0c\u6362\u6210INT 13h\u6269\u5c55\u8bfb\uff08AH=42h\uff0c\u6309LBA\u5bfb\u5740\uff09\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p 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